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Literary Response Chpt 3

African Americans endured the hardships of feeling like the worthless minority. W.E.B. Dubois strived for equality, and in order to develop black consciousness. Imagine that you were the outcast of your school. Everyone treated you highly unfairly and would abuse you verbally, and mentally. One day the principle makes an announcement that no one is allowed to disturb you anymore. Yes the abuse may stop, however you have entered a new place where discrimination exists. Discrimination is not abuse, but it can be very hurtful. To stand up and be the outcast voice of the “normal” majority takes a special strength and courage that most people to not obtain. In chapter three Dubois talks more about the effects after the abolition of slavery. He begins to commemorate the courage and strength, of Booker T Washington. In a time when the development of a new independent Negro race was forming, Washington was there to be the advocate, and leader. Firstly, Mr. Washington felt the need to have the Southern states in their favor. There is power in numbers. The Caucasian race made up a nice percentage of the population, and this is what they used to their advantage in superiority. It is easier to break someone down when they are alone and weak, than it is to try to break down a man who had the support of all his fellow brothers (Americans). “In all things purely social we can be as separate as the five fingers, and yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress”. Here he is using a hand as a metaphor for our nation. Our nation is basically a hand, and it is not fully functional until all the limbs are working together. He is saying regardless of personal opinion, our nation will be a hand and it would be best to work together, thus making the journey more bearable. In order to progress as a nation we must work as one. Washington is famously noted for being a great orator for the Negro race, with his use of vivid imagery, stories, and analytical tendencies which encourage you to think for a deeper meaning. “Today he stands as the one recognized spokesman of his ten million fellows, and one of the most notable figures in a nation of seventy millions.” (Dubois 81)

Without our notable leaders, our Black nation as we know it would not be in existence. If not for Mr. Washington, Mr. Turner, Gabriel, and Vesey; we would not have the same sense of pride that they had instilled within us. “The influence of all of these attitudes at various times can be traced in the history of the American Negro, an in the evolution of his successive leaders”. (Dubois 84) The overall thought of this chapter, is that every nation needs a leader. For change to arise it is up to someone to have the strength to stand alone, because in the beginning it is more than likely that you will be standing alone. All of the leaders appealed to their audience’s emotions, by basking in their pain with them. You never heard a Negro leader say, “I watched you all in the field today. It looked like you were all in discomfort.” You did however hear leaders say “I’ve tilled the same plows as you. I’ve seen my family sold off to family. I know how it feels to have the White man looks down upon you like the dirt you are which he feels he can trek over”. This is what makes a good leader, when you can take a situation, where you explain your experiences living through it, and finally offering solutions of survival. Each leader had some sort of plan or some sort of intention to lead the group to point “B”. Never have you heard of a leader leading just to lead without some sort of goal in mind. Mr. Washington had a plan throughout his entire career: Firstly, he wanted to make Negro artisans business men, meaning he wanted African Americans to have a greater sense of accomplishment in knowing that they are more than just the manual labor they can perform with their hands. Secondly, he wanted Negroes to have self respect. Before you can expect anyone to respect you, you must first respect yourself. Finally, He wanted schools for the youth, and colleges for the older of age. Education is something our nation strives on, and every American deserves that right.

Thanks to our brave African American leaders we can continue to live the life in which they envisioned for us. Without the planning of these strong leaders the ending result could have been unimaginable. “We hold these truths to be self-evident: That all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.” (Dubois 95)

The Souls of Black Folk

W.E.B. Dubois is a man thought of to be a racial activist. He is famous for his pursuit of social justice, and his creatively written pieces of literature. Dubois is widely known for his popular book titled The Souls of Black Folk. This book is widely important to the African American race, as it displays the problems that surface within, and around the race. Dubois strategically made this book universal to everyone, by telling his personal encounters, and makes sure to describe the characters of different racial background who were involved. In the beginning he tells his story from the view of an innocent child. He recalls an instance when he purchased cards for his class, and was having a great encounter passing them to his friends and classmates. When he tries to befriend a tall girl who does not resemble him, he begins to learn the difference in race. She denies his cards, and could not understand why at first, but soon learns that it is because of his darker color skin. By telling the story through the innocence of a child, we see just how drastically society can influence the views of a person. A child sees differences, but they accept the person as another human being. It isn’t until the child is expressed to the judgmental views of society do they start to infer their own opinions on racial status. Being young, they are naïve meaning they cannot make their own opinions, meaning they are under the influence of their pro slavery parents. Eyes know no discrimination, only humans do.

In the beginning passage, he states “Between me and the other world there is ever an unmasked question.” When he is speaking about the other world, he is referring to the Caucasian race. This is what he refers to as double consciousness, where one views them through the eye of another. He is hidden behind the veil of his race. “He simply wishes to make it possible for a man to be both a Negro and an American, without being cursed and spit upon by his fellows, without having the doors of opportunity closed roughly in his face.” (Dubois 45/46) Here Dubois is stating how the veil he wears condemns him to a life of discrimination, and cruelty. He refers to the veil as being a curse; a man cannot be both a Negro and a man. This is a simple, but great detail on the way African Americans were treated, and why. By making the veil a metaphor for skin, he is logically stating that our skin color is what causes our oppression. However veils are made to be things of beauty. Traditionally brides wear veils on the day of their wedding, as a symbol of elegance and beauty. Indian and belly dancers often use the finest cloths to create stunning pieces of wardrobe among them being the essential veil. Had Dubois not have liked the skin color of African Americans, he would have referred them to something else, something less elegant, and appealing. The tone of the first passages is patience, and an overall sense of wanting to be accepted.

“To be a poor man is hard, but to be a poor race in a land of dollars is the very bottom of hardships.” (Dubois 51) In the years to pass, the discrimination against African Americans is still in existence. The black race continues to be the race that is “poor” in a society of the wealthy. Traditionally the wealthy held the most rank in society, and also had the bigger voice. Being a Negro you had no voice to begin with, with the added factor of being the minority, with having hate groups against you. He questions the morality of America by asking if America will become poor, if it replaced brutal dyspeptic blundering with light-hearted Negro humanity. Meaning being humane to our dark money makers, will not kill America’s economy. Logically Dubois is making substantial points in persuading people to see the downside side of slavery by showing it through his eyes.

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Booker T Washington

African American in the 1800s were overlooked, and held no rank in society. Booker T Washington was a figure that many negroes looked up to, because of his articulation, intelligence, and his realistic views of the white man. Mr. Washington was chosen to give his address at The Atlantic Exposition. Here he spoke out against the defense of African Americans, and the future they would have to look forward to. “The wisest among my race understand that the agitation of my questions of social equality is the extremist folly, and that progressing the enjoyment of all privileges that will come to us must be the result of severe and constant struggle rather than of artificial forcing.” (Washington) Here he specifying that change will not come without hard work, and patience. Change must be worked for, not forced. Mr. Washington knew who is general audience would be, but also made sure that his white listeners were also well engaged. He made his speech universal, but personable. This speech is one of the most important African American delivered speeches in history.

To make his speech personable, Washington the story of a ship lost at sea, who befriends a friendly vessel. The captain of the lost vessel falls miserably of thirst, and calls out to the friendly vessel for compassion. The friendly vessel tells the captain repeatedly to drop a bucket, and reluctantly the captain obliges to discover that his bucket has been filled with purified water. This story tells the lesson that you must trust your neighbor, in order to rely on them for change. The story also encouraged the audience to see beyond the color, and dip into their compassion for their fellow man. By purposely omitting race from the story, it evokes the feeling of just two people who are intended on helping one another. Through repetition Washington was able to take this story, and apply it two different aspects of his speech. “ Casting down your bucket among my people. Helping and encouraging as you are doing on these grounds.”(Washington)

While speaking to his African American race, he is aware that many are consumed with working with their hands, and are not daily being stimulate by the mind. He refers to this as being one of the greatest dangers they will have to overcome. When the Southern states come into freedom, it is feared that they will neglect the fact that they do have the intelligence that should be exercised. They are more than just sixteen million hands. “ No race can prosper till it learns that there is as much dignity in tilling a field as in writing a poem.” (Washington) Here Washington is stating that whites are not superior to blacks, simply because they speak eloquently, and have no need to carry out the act of a horse. Washington is stating, before a nation can move on, it must first look past rank, and occupation and look towards the persons capabilities. This is also a reference to the Caucasian audience members, as of the emotion they should look forward to when freedom arrives. “There is no defense or security for any of us except the highest intelligence and development of all.” (Washington) Here he is stating that at the end of the day, the only thing that will save you is yourself. How well you can save yourself lies within how much effort you put into becoming an intellectual well rounded person. There are many appeals to logos in Mr. Washington’s address. He is very well spoken, and uses logical terms, and situations to encourage the audience into a different way of thinking, or a different mindset. He uses appeals to similes and metaphors to assist him in furthering his thesis of the change that is soon to come. In the light of the change, we must look at the person for who they are, and not for their jobs or their skin color.

Booker T Washington recieved a standing ovation at the conclusion of his speech. It is needless to say that at the closing of the day he sparked within each audience member an ember of change. With that ember, they will would soon come together to create a flame that was sparked by common interest of the same goals.

The Yellow Wallpaper

The Yellow Wallpaper is a short story written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Gilman was born in the 1860’s which was a time when women still did not hold many rights or rank in society. In the 1880’s, she began writing poems of her opinions on women’s suffrage, she even took up the defense for prostitutes. She soon became well known for her writings that spoke out against the way the world views women. One of her most infamous works is a piece titled The Yellow Wallpaper. The story is about a nameless narrator, and her husband names John, whom is also her physician. They move into this mansion, which she describes to be haunted, and states, “that there is something queer about it”. John disregards these comments from his wife, because he has diagnosed her with a condition. Towards the progression of the story, she states that she is sick; however her husband does not tend to believe her. The constant reference to her sickness throughout the story provides a reasonable explanation for the events that are soon to occur. One day she enters a bedroom and described the room of having bars on the windows, but what bothers her most is this yellow wallpaper, that holds a formless pattern, which she finds revolting. This is the beginning to her insanity. Her husband tried to keep her mind at peace by removing her journals, so she does not have much to think about, but she soon begins to hold a journal in secret, where she begins to record her thought on the wallpaper. It isn’t much later that the form of a woman begins to take shape in the wallpaper. The narrator then begins to see the woman roaming around the house. Finally she concludes that she is the roaming woman, and has a mental breakdown. Her own mind led her to her own insanity.

In order to strike an emotion with her audience, Gilman relied on various literary devices, and appealed to the audience’s ethos, and pathos mean of thinking. Irony was a literary device that was commonly used throughout the piece. From the beginning, it was inevitable to know that the author would driver herself to her insanity. However if she had it would most likely be assumed that she would kill herself, not her husband. It does not blatantly state that her husband passed, however it does state, “But he did, and right across my path by the wall, so that I had to creep over him every night!” The man that was controlled her is now the man that she roams over. Metaphorically the wallpaper could have been her husband. The wallpaper held and bound the woman, to the point where she needed to do anything to escape. When she was finally “freed” from the wall, meaning when she began to roam about the house, this was the symbolism for women in that time period. When a person roams, it means that they are wandering aimlessly. One reason a person would wander aimlessly, is if they had no purpose to walk with a sense of pride, and stature. Have you ever seen a president roam? As the woman roamed around the house this is how the narrator felt internally. In her eyes her husband was this man that condemned her and only told her what to do. In the closing statements, she continues to roam over him, for she does not know another way of life.

In this piece the author greatly appealed to the audience’s emotions. When someone is going insane, it is similar to a conflict within you. These conflicts occur internally, and usually begin to take a toll on your emotions. This is how the feeling of anxiety, and nervousness began to arouse in the narrator. Gilman portrayed the narrator to be a vulnerable woman with wants of one day becoming the equal of a man. In this portrayal, her audience she is sending this message to, are the women who feel that they must roam daily, because they feel inferior to a man, or because they are under a man and condemned to a life of inferiority. In addition, Gilman made this a strong piece by her strong use of imagery. The story was told in a way that you could attain a mental picture, and relate that to the inner feelings of the narrator. Gilman could spend a page alone describing something as minute as a wall with wallpaper, while most people could just simply state, “it’s a wall with paper, and it’s ugly.” I truly admire how an author can create something so elaborate with their words. Gilman’s style of writing is very romantic. Romantic writing is a very descriptive way of writing something that does not have a significant meaning or role. This is a talent that Gilman will remain infamous for producing.

APA bibliographies

BBB. "Criminal Law." Law Info. 1995. 14 Nov. 2008 http://www.lawinfo.com/criminal.html Let’s say you take your friend’s car for a joy ride, and instead of laughing with you, they decide to press charges against you. Does this make you a criminal? Perhaps not, but you will need a lawyer. In this type of situation you will most likely seek out the help of a civil law attorney. A civil attorney basically represents you when you have committed a minor crime, which usually occurs between two people, over one’s property. Since this is a minor crime, you may not be charged with a heavy sentence such as 20 years in jail, but you will however be charged with a misdemeanor. A misdemeanor is basically a charge that is not as serious as a criminal charge. The repercussion of a misdemeanor could be anything between community service, or some sort of fine that you may choose to challenge in court. Now, let’s say you rob a bank, killing three people; however you did not have the intent to kill anyone. All you wanted was the money, but in that moment these people got in the way. In this case you would be charged with a civil lawsuit, thus you will be requiring a civil law attorney. Basically their duties are to represent their clients who are being tried by the government. In this certain scenario, you could be charged with actus reus, which means the process of acting out the crime, and possibly unintentional homicide, considering you unintentionally took the lives of people. What lacks from the argument, is the process by which the defendant will be charged. Meaning what’s step one in the trial. This argument is presented on the basis to inform people about the profession of law attorneys. The information provided, not only helps clients decide if they need a criminal law attorney, but this article also helps people who are interested in studying law, and would like to seek further information on a certain branch of this profession. The argument could be presented stronger b y appealing to a broader audience. Meaning including more information, not only on what civil law attorney do, but also the resources you could you use of which to attain one.

BBB. "Should I plead guilty even if innocent" Law Info. 1995. 14 Nov. 2008 http://www.lawinfo.com/fuseaction/client.lawarea/categoryid/61.
So you’re sitting in court, and the outcome looks bleak. Maybe if you just plead guilty right away, whatever the sentence may be would be lightened. This sort of thinking is a false inference. Leave the debates of innocent or guilty to your attorneys, this is why you hired them. Some would say the number one rule of law would be, until evidence of guilt is brought against you, your character is innocent. A well rounded, intellectual criminal law attorney will be able to find ways in which the evidence counted against you, would not be enough to prosecute you. The article presents the argument that one should not plead guilty against oneself. However I do feel that the argument could have been stronger by presenting more information on the subject. This article instilled within me the drive to succeed in my career of a defense attorney. It’s always easy to point the finger at someone and jus blatantly state that they are guilty, but it takes a true attorney to have the mindset and skill to take that guilty man and argue against hardcore facts that he is innocent. Too many innocent people are condemned to a life in jail or a sentenced to death wrongfully, because they did not have the attorney of skill to debate and stand up for their innocence. It is too often that we see this occurring in federal courts across the nation.

BBB. "Personal Injury." Law Info. 1995. 14 Nov. 2008 http://www.lawinfo.com/personal-injury.html.
4 Say you’re driving home one night and you notice a car following close behind you. This is also known as tailgating. You proceed to create a space cushion, but the driver of the other vehicle persists on remaining close to you. You have you little six year old sister in the front seat with you, and you hope that everything will be alright. Suddenly the car behind you speeds up and runs into the back of your vehicle, which causes you to leave the road colliding into a wall, where you break your arm, and your little sister becomes mentally impaired. You discover that the driver of the other vehicle was a nineteen year old frat boy who had a very high alcohol content. This is an example of a personal injury claim. Every scenario requires an attorney which specializes in that particular field. A personal injury attorney represents you when you have been injured on behalf of another party. This claim may only be made if you are not the party at fault. A personal injury attorney directs you in the various options that you could go about your case. They also help in obtaining the appropriate monetary worth of the injury. Before taking any legal action a police report should be filed, and names and insurance agencies should be exchanged. In some instances minor instances could be handled among the parties, for example if the vehicle that is at fault apologizes, and offers to pay for the damages. In this instance a personal injury attorney most likely will not be needed. On the other hand failure to cooperate on the part of the one whom is at fault could result in something bigger than intended. This article made me empathetic to those whom harm has come to. A strong argument, by using a fatal car accident as an example. This is valuable information that many people need to know. The argument could have been stronger by also appealing to those who have caused the accident. This article inspired me to take an interest in the rights of those who have been wrongfully injured.

BBB. "Personal Injury." Law Info. 1995. 14 Nov. 2008 http://www.lawinfo.com/personal-injury.html.
Basically personal injury is the harm of an individual, because of the carelessness of another. A common use of a personal injury attorney is to help you determine how much compensation should be received. It is often rather difficult to put a dollar amount upon an injury. For example, if a loved one has passed, obviously they are unable to attend court; therefore you will be representing the case on behalf of your family. You can never put a price on a life, but in this situation you will have to settle on a price to compensate you on behalf of the person which has been lost. In these type of situations things could get a little tricky, because emotions tend to get in the way, which could complicate the case itself. A skill a good personal injury attorney should attain is the skill of remaining unbiased. You must remember that the amount settled, is not the amount of the person’s life. I found this article interesting, because it discussed the dispute of how much money should be attained. The argument could have been stronger by giving estimates of what different accidents could cost. This article filled me with empathy, and I truly want to help people with my career.

BBB, comp. "What Does Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VII) Govern?" Law Info. 1995. 14 Nov. 2008 http://http://www.lawinfo.com/copyright-and-notice.html.
You walk into your boss’s office Monday morning, with the best attitude in the world. You knew you had been doing a commendable job, and you have been with your company for 10 years. You discuss the matter with your boss, and he fully agrees that you have been doing an excellent job, however when you ask for a promotion, his mood quickly changes and frankly you don’t have the slightest clue why. It could have been because you were Mexican, or because you are the oldest member of the team, or because you are a female. All of these are forms of discrimination which goes against The Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VII). This act governs fairness in the workplace. Meaning you cannot discriminate against someone because of their race, age, or sex. This is a form of business law. A business lawyer helps govern and make sure that this act is up kept in the workplace. Business lawyers thoroughly know all acts and codes pertaining to the workplace, so if there is a complaint to be filed these are the people who are the best to represent you. This article interested me, because not only am I interested in the field of law, but also the field of business, so for me this article was a happy medium. This article contained a strong argument over the rights of people in the workplace. It contained exampled pertaining to each filed of discrimination. What lacked from the argument, was the deeper law aspect of it, but other than that this was a very thou rough, and helpful article.

BBB. "What Does The Civil Rights Act Of 1964 (Title Vii) Govern?" Law Info. 1995. 14 Nov. 2008 http://resources.lawinfo.com/en/legal-faqs/business-law/federal/what-does-the-civil-rights-act-of-1964-title.html.
Business law often governs the freedoms of many other regulations in the workplace. There are numerous acts that should be learned and practiced daily by those who want to know their rights, and also attorneys who need 2 be up on all the acts and codes. The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 makes sure that those who are impaired physically or mentally have the same rights as those who are in the same profession, as long as the profession is within reason. Meaning that a man who could not see would not be discriminated against by being told he could not have the job, because it requires for you to watch when the light comes on. The LMRA was created to upkeep peace upon the people of the workplace. These acts prove just how much laws enable to have the workplace move so smoothly. The fair labor acts, were created to keep child labor to a minimum. They also set the standard for equal monetary fairness. I found this article interesting, because it basically gave you general ideas of how acts in the workplace were to be governed. This piece could have been stronger, if examples were created to accompany each law, to make the piece seem more personable, and appealing.

BBB. "Under What Circumstances Should I Hire A Lawyer?" Law Info. 1995. 14 Nov. 2008 http://resources.lawinfo.com/en/legal-faqs/legal-tips/federal/under-what-circumstances-should-i-hire-a-lawy.html.
7 Many people neglect to hire an attorney, whether it is do to laziness, or due to the costly expense of a lawyer. Some people also make the mistake of just hiring an attorney. Despite how good that is, it’s always best to find an attorney that specializes in the field that pertains to your situation. Law is a very broad field to enter into. There are many areas of interest that require special degrees to be attained for their field. Although the top number one criminal defense attorney may be the best in their field, does not mean that they know all they should know about real estate. Your main goal to hire a real estate attorney would be to make sure your finances are safe. They also shield their clients from accidentally signing contracts and other documents pertaining to the settlement, which could result in the client being taken advantage of in the end. The moral to this lesson is never sign anything when your attorney is not present. This is why attorneys are almost always present when businesses conduct closings. A closing is when a business or any other property is sold to another party, where the both meet and sign a contract on the agreement.


BBB. "Real Estate Law." Law Info. 1995. 14 Nov. 2008 http://www.lawinfo.com/fuseaction/client.lawarea/categoryid/35.
Every one who owns real estate has the right to their privacy, and their freedom. Real estate is a very complex issue to take to court, because real estate is commercial property that is processed through the government. A real estate case should never be attempted alone, there are many legal documents that must be filed, and many complicated terminologies that will be used, which go beyond a mediocre meaning. Real estate cases are broad but not limited to: nosy neighbors, landlords, selling property, and foreclosure. Real estate brokers are people who you may also refer to for your legal needs. Their main purpose is to distribute property, and assist in the process, so you may ask them advice on topics pertaining to real estate, but don’t have them be your primary source of information. This is a very strong argument; it listed the ABCs or the fundamentals of the meaning of real estate law and the instances of which it is practiced. The article did interest me, however it did not inspire to take a career I the field of real estate law. I’m not exactly sure the main reason, but this field did not strike an interest with me. What could have made this argument stronger is perhaps if numerous arguments were broken down, they would be a little more easily understood, which would in turn be digested better by the reader.

Blankshain, M, & McCluggage, M (2003). Defeating Class Certification: Showing How You Will Present Your Defense At Trial Is Crucial. Wildman Harrold, Retrieved November 14, 2008, from http://library.findlaw.com/2003/Feb/20/132558.html.

3 If you kill a man just for the fun of it, and you were proud of yourself, admit it, it was a job well done. However you did not think of the repercussion that would be brought up against you. You have just enough money saved in the bank to purchase a highly trained professional to represent your case, but you would rather pocket your money for that new sports car. You walk into court that day and they eat you alive. You don’t know the first thing about law, nor do you comprehend the terms of law being used at and against you. Should’ve hired that layer yes? Not only in this situation, but in any case in general. The first thing to do when you find yourself in legal trouble would be to go seek help from a professional. The sooner the better, meaning it is not wise to wait a week before your trial to try to start seeking representation. You need to seek help immediately, because the sooner you meet with your lawyer, the sooner they begin setting up a relationship with you the client, and also they have more time to prepare for the case, and gain the understanding that will help you both. In court both the client and lawyer’s representations are on the line; therefore help your attorney by seeking them out as soon as possible. This argument, is very strong, however it could have been stronger in the aspect that is could have stated what would happened if an attorney was not sought out at the appropriate time. This argument motivated me to be prepared for anything meaning, no matter how late a client approaches me, I must be prepared to handle it by staying on top of the current legal system.

Reuters, Thomas, comp. "Islamic Family Law." Islamic Family Law. 1999. State Department. 14 Nov. 2008 http://http://library.findlaw.com/1999/mar/11/127816.html.
In foreign countries, law is very closely tied into the formal union of marriage. Marriage is a commitment to another person, and under the Islamic family law, it is treated just as such. In Islam the proposal and marriage is basically the production of the contract, and the acceptance of it. This contract outlaws the need for any religious ceremonies, such as the traditional wedding to be conducted. For the marriage to be formally and legally binding, the partied involved must have two witnesses present to witness the signing. Both parties must consent to the marriage, for it to be considered a legal binding. The contract also makes any children born automatically the religion of the mother, and they automatically originate from where their father resides. Being from the place of their father, this requires the children to gain permission from their father upon leaving the country of Islam. The Islamic contract of marriage is not one that is complicated, which requires a year just for a separation, marriage in Islam can easily be broken without the assistance of a lawyer, or the court. This article was helpful, because I have considered studying law abroad. Law is practiced differently everywhere in the world, and this article was very appealing to me. The argument could have been stronger, had more of the positive side of marriage had been expressed. Predominately this article expressed the downfall of marriage and the rights that women did not hold. Women were condemned to a life where they had no voice, and where their children no longer belonged to them. This article inspired me to want to establish a better law system in foreign countries.